Political / Ideological
Effective Altruism (EA) mainstream movement
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Mainstream Effective Altruism movement (2009+, William MacAskill, Toby Ord). Substantial controversy after the 2022 Sam Bankman-Fried / FTX collapse exposed EA-aligned governance failures.
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Moderate Control
BITE breakdown
Behavior Control3/10
Information Control4/10
Thought Control5/10
Emotional Control4/10
Modifiers (+0)
0 — mainstream EA movement; substantial recent controversies after 2022 SBF/FTX collapse.
Profile facts
Founded
2009
Members
Tens of thousands of self-identifying EAs globally
Active in
USA, Europe, Global
In context
EA was founded as a mainstream ethics movement focused on evidence-based altruism. The 2022 collapse of Sam Bankman-Fried's FTX (which EA leaders had endorsed and benefited from) prompted serious internal reckoning. Documented patterns include intense ideological commitment in some sub-currents and concerns about epistemic insularity.
Recovery resources
- ICSA (International Cultic Studies Association) — General referral and cult-aware therapist directory.
- INFORM (Information Network on Religious Movements) — LSE-founded UK research-based information service covering new religious movements.
- Freedom of Mind Resource Center — Steven Hassan's organisation; BITE-model resources and family-side exit guidance.
See the full curated list at /resources.
Legal cases & controversies
- SBF/FTX collapse and EA reckoning
Evidence by BITE axis
Behavior Control
- 2022 SBF/FTX collapse and EA governance reckoning
- Some sub-currents exhibit intense ideological insularity
- substantial recent controversies after 2022 SBF/FTX collapse
Timeline
- 2009EA crystallises around Giving What We Can
- 2022SBF/FTX collapse
Evidence matrix
Structured sources cross-linked to the claims they document. Tiered per the source hierarchy. For free-text citations see the Sources section below.
Sources
- Various press coverage including New York Times Magazine 2022 search ↗
- Mayor Bowser Announces Partnership to Provide Free Access to the Canopie Maternal Mental Health Program — https://mayor.dc.gov/release/mayor-bowser-announces-partnership-provide-free-access-canopie-maternal-mental-health open ↗
- Effective Altruism: Introduction — Essays in Philosophy (2017) — https://doi.org/10.7710%2F1526-0569.1580 open ↗
- Cari Tuna and Dustin Moskovitz: Young Silicon Valley billionaires pioneer new approach to philanthropy — https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/billionaire-couple-give-plenty-to-charity-but-they-do-quite-a-bit-of-homework/2014/12/26/19fae34c-86d6-11e4-b9b7-b8632ae73d25_story.html open ↗
- FTX's Sam Bankman-Fried believed in 'effective altruism'. What is it? — https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20231009-ftxs-sam-bankman-fried-believed-in-effective-altruism-what-is-it open ↗
- The power and efficacy of effective altruism — https://www.ft.com/content/1954323c-8eb3-11e5-8be4-3506bf20cc2b open ↗
- The Rise of the Rational Do-Gooders — https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2020/09/23/effective-altruism-charity/ open ↗
- The Trader Who Donates Half His Pay — https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/opinion/sunday/nicholas-kristof-the-trader-who-donates-half-his-pay.html open ↗
- Doing Good Better by William MacAskill review – if you read this book, you'll change the charities you donate to — https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/20/doing-good-better-william-macaskill-review open ↗
- Effective Altruism: Where Charity and Rationality Meet — https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/upshot/effective-altruism-where-charity-and-rationality-meet.html open ↗
- The Greatest Good — https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/06/what-is-the-greatest-good/395768/ open ↗
- Effective Altruism: Philosophical Issues Edited by Hilary Greaves and Theron Pummer — https://doi.org/10.1007/s10790-023-09944-7 open ↗
- Effective Altruism: Philosophical Issues Edited by Hilary Greaves and Theron Pummer — The Journal of Value Inquiry (2023) — https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10790-023-09944-7 open ↗
- Effective Altruism: Philosophical Issues — https://global.oup.com/academic/product/effective-altruism-9780198841364?cc=us&lang=en& open ↗
- The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity — https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/the-precipice-existential-risk-and-the-future-of-humanity/ open ↗
- The Good It Promises, the Harm It Does (2023) — https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197655696.001.0001 open ↗
- The Good It Promises, the Harm It Does: Critical Essays on Effective Altruism, by Carol J. Adams, Alice Crary, and Lori Gruen — Mind (2023) — https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2Ffzad047 open ↗
- Effective Altruism — The International Encyclopedia of Ethics (2020) — https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444367072.wbiee883 open ↗
- The Definition of Effective Altruism — Effective Altruism (2019) — https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198841364.003.0001 open ↗
- How to do the most good: a growing movement argues we should care about people thousands of miles away—and millions of years in the future — https://time.com/6204627/effective-altruism-longtermism-william-macaskill-interview/ open ↗
- Derek Parfit obituary — https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/12/derek-parfit-obituary open ↗
- Theory-neutral arguments for 'effective animal advocacy — https://commons.pacificu.edu/eip/vol18/iss1/3 open ↗
- Theory-neutral arguments for “effective animal advocacy” — Essays in Philosophy (2017) — https://doi.org/10.7710%2F1526-0569.1578 open ↗
- Effective animal advocacy: effective altruism, the social economy, and the animal protection movement — Agriculture and Human Values (2018) — https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10460-018-9873-5 open ↗
- A Brief Argument for the Overwhelming Importance of Shaping the Far Future — Effective Altruism (2019) — https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198841364.003.0006 open ↗
- Opinion | The Case for a Less-Effective Altruism — https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/18/opinion/effective-altruism.html open ↗
- The Reluctant Prophet of Effective Altruism — https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/15/the-reluctant-prophet-of-effective-altruism open ↗
- Practical Ethics Given Moral Uncertainty — Utilitas (2019) — https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953820819000013 open ↗
- The ethical principles of effective altruism * — Journal of Global Ethics (2016) — https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17449626.2016.1193552 open ↗
- Best jobs for saving the world — https://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/best-jobs/2011/jobs-helping-others/1.html open ↗
- Which Ethical Careers Make a Difference?: The Replaceability Issue in the Ethics of Career Choice — https://www.academia.edu/1807196 open ↗
- Effective altruism was the favoured creed of Sam Bankman-Fried. Can it survive his fall? — https://www.ft.com/content/128f3a15-b048-4741-b3e0-61c9346c390b open ↗
- Doing good by doing well — https://www.economist.com/news/international/21651815-lessons-business-charities-doing-good-doing-well open ↗
- Fish: the forgotten victims on our plate — https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cif-green/2010/sep/14/fish-forgotten-victims open ↗
- How the Chicken Became the Unlikely Focus of the Animal Rights Movement — https://slate.com/technology/2016/08/animal-activists-crunched-the-numbers-to-learn-that-the-creature-most-in-need-of-their-support-was-the-lowly-chicken.html open ↗
- Effective Altruism for Animals" Panel, Animal Studies — http://animalstudies.as.nyu.edu/object/as.events.20150729 open ↗
- Expanding The Circle Of Moral Concern — https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/11/15/501972594/expanding-the-circle-of-moral-concern open ↗
- What is longtermism? — https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220805-what-is-longtermism-and-why-does-it-matter open ↗
- Opinion | The Case for Longtermism — https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/05/opinion/the-case-for-longtermism.html open ↗
- What is long-termism? — https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/11/22/what-is-long-termism open ↗
- The very best ideas for preventing artificial intelligence from wrecking the planet — https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2015/07/07/the-very-best-ideas-for-preventing-artificial-intelligence-from-wrecking-the-planet/ open ↗
- The grim fate that could be 'worse than extinction — https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201014-totalitarian-world-in-chains-artificial-intelligence open ↗
- Toby Ord: Why I'm giving £1m to charity — https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11950843 open ↗
- Effective altruists ought to be allowed to sell their kidneys — Bioethics (2018) — https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbioe.12427 open ↗
- Effective altruists' are a new type of nice person — https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-are-young-people-being-so-altruistic-209/ open ↗
- Replaceability, Career Choice, and Making a Difference — https://www.academia.edu/1557895 open ↗
- Replaceability, Career Choice, and Making a Difference — Ethical Theory and Moral Practice (2013) — https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10677-013-9433-4 open ↗
- The Best Way to Donate to Fight Climate Change (Probably) — https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/12/how-to-donate-to-fight-climate-change-effectively/617248/ open ↗
- Altruism can be all too effective — http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/1/altruism-can-be-all-too-effective.html open ↗
- Is the effective altruism movement in trouble? — https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/nov/16/is-the-effective-altruism-movement-in-trouble open ↗
- Effective Altruism and Anti-Capitalism: An Attempt at Reconciliation — https://doi.org/10.7710%2F1526-0569.1573 open ↗
- The Institutional Critique of Effective Altruism — https://faculty.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/The-Institutional-Critique-of-Effective-Altruism.pdf open ↗
- The Institutional Critique of Effective Altruism — Utilitas (2017) — https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953820817000176 open ↗
- Charity vs. revolution: effective altruism and the systemic change objection — https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330947080 open ↗
- Charity vs. Revolution: Effective Altruism and the Systemic Change Objection — Ethical Theory and Moral Practice (2019) — https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10677-019-09979-5 open ↗
- Severe Poverty as an Unjust Emergency — Oxford Scholarship Online (2018) — https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190648879.003.0005 open ↗
- Heuristics and Biases in Charity — The Science of Giving (2011) — https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203865972-24 open ↗
- An evolutionary explanation for ineffective altruism — Nature Human Behaviour (2020) — https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-020-00950-4 open ↗
- The Psychology of (In)Effective Altruism — https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tics.2021.03.015 open ↗
- Psychological barriers to effective altruism: An evolutionary perspective — https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.copsyc.2021.09.008 open ↗
- Sam Bankman-Fried, Effective Altruism and the Question of Complicity — https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/sam-bankman-fried-effective-altruism-and-the-question-of-complicity open ↗
- The Deaths of Effective Altruism — https://www.wired.com/story/deaths-of-effective-altruism/ open ↗
- Wytham Abbey put up for sale for £15m by effective altruism group EVF — https://www.theguardian.com/business/article/2024/may/12/wytham-abbey-sale-effective-altruism-group-evf open ↗
- Effective Altruism Is Pushing a Dangerous Brand of 'AI Safety — https://www.wired.com/story/effective-altruism-artificial-intelligence-sam-bankman-fried/ open ↗
- The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence — First Monday (2024) — https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v29i4.13636 open ↗
- The do-gooder movement that shielded Sam Bankman-Fried from scrutiny — https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/17/effective-altruism-sam-bankman-fried-ftx-crypto/ open ↗
- How a Scottish Moral Philosopher Got Elon Musk's Number — https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/08/business/effective-altruism-elon-musk.html open ↗
- This Vegan Billionaire Disrupted the Crypto Markets. Stocks May Be Next — https://www.wsj.com/articles/this-vegan-billionaire-disrupted-the-crypto-markets-stocks-may-be-next-11618565408 open ↗
- Column: How Sam Bankman-Fried exploited the 'effective altruism' fad to get rich and con the world — https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2022-11-21/column-how-sam-bankman-fried-exploited-the-fad-of-effective-altruism-to-get-rich-and-con-the-world open ↗
- Effective Altruism Committed the Sin It Was Supposed to Correct — https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/11/cryptocurrency-effective-altruism-ftx-sam-bankman-fried/672149/ open ↗
- What Sam Bankman-Fried's downfall means for effective altruism — https://www.economist.com/briefing/2022/11/17/what-sam-bankman-frieds-downfall-means-for-effective-altruism open ↗
- Effective Altruism Has a Hostile Culture for Women, Critics Say — https://time.com/6252617/effective-altruism-sexual-harassment/ open ↗
- How Effective Altruism Split Silicon Valley—and Fueled the Blowup at OpenAI — https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/openai-blowup-effective-altruism-disaster-f46a55e8 open ↗
- OpenAI reinstates CEO Sam Altman to board after firing and rehiring — https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/mar/08/openai-sam-altman-reinstated open ↗
- Should it be More Affective? — The Philosophers' Magazine (2016) — https://doi.org/10.5840%2Ftpm20167378 open ↗
- Effective altruism and its critics — https://www.academia.edu/13786913 open ↗
- Effective Altruism and its Critics — Journal of Applied Philosophy (2016) — https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjapp.12176 open ↗
- Effective Altruism (2019) — https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198841364.001.0001 open ↗
- Shackling the poor, or effective altruism: a critique of the philosophical foundation of effective altruism — https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fcjp.22296 open ↗
- The effective altruist's political problem — https://www.academia.edu/37041651 open ↗
- The Effective Altruist’s Political Problem — Polity (2020) — https://doi.org/10.1086%2F706867 open ↗
- Philosophical Critiques of Effective Altruism — The Philosophers' Magazine (2016) — https://doi.org/10.5840%2Ftpm20167379 open ↗
- Beyond moral efficiency: effective altruism and theorizing about effectiveness — https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333618104 open ↗
- Beyond Moral Efficiency: Effective Altruism and Theorizing about Effectiveness — Utilitas (2019) — https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953820819000281 open ↗
- http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/05/31/join-wall-street-save-the-world/ — http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/05/31/join-wall-street-save-the-world/ open ↗
- Which ethical careers make a difference? — http://www.academia.edu/1807196/Which_Ethical_Careers_Make_a_Difference_The_Replaceability_Issue_in_the_Ethics_of_Career_Choice open ↗
- Q&A with Singer: A philosopher on his craft and practicing it at Princeton — https://www.princeton.edu/news/2017/02/16/qa-singer-philosopher-his-craft-and-practicing-it-princeton?section=featured open ↗
- Save the Chicken — http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2016/08/animal_activists_crunched_the_numbers_to_learn_that_the_creature_most_in.html open ↗
- Want to help animals? Don't forget the chickens — https://theconversation.com/want-to-help-animals-dont-forget-the-chickens-78585 open ↗
- Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority — Global Policy (2013) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1758-5899.12002 open ↗
- Overpopulation is the biggest threat to mankind, Nobel laureates say — https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/overpopulation-is-the-biggest-threat-to-mankind-nobel-laureates-say-zxdnv2bcv open ↗
- Effective altruists' are a new type of nice person — https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/why-are-young-people-being-so-altruistic-209 open ↗
- Replaceability, Career Choice, and Making a Difference — Ethical Theory and Moral Practice (2013) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10677-013-9433-4 open ↗
- Join Wall Street. Save the world. — https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/05/31/join-wall-street-save-the-world/ open ↗
- Origins — Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction (2017) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780198728795.003.0001 open ↗
- FAQ on Singer's webpage at Princeton — http://www.princeton.edu/~psinger/faq.html open ↗
- Effective Altruism: Introduction — http://commons.pacificu.edu/eip/vol18/iss1/1/ open ↗
- Effective Altruism: Introduction — Essays in Philosophy (2017) — https://dx.doi.org/10.7710%2F1526-0569.1580 open ↗
- Impartiality — https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impartiality/ open ↗
- Effective Altruism and Its Critics — https://www.academia.edu/13786913/Effective_Altruism_and_Its_Critics_Journal_of_Applied_Philosophy_2016_ open ↗
- Effective Altruism and its Critics — Journal of Applied Philosophy (2016) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjapp.12176 open ↗
- Replaceability, Career Choice, and Making a Difference — https://www.academia.edu/1557895/Replaceability_Career_Choice_and_Making_a_Difference open ↗
- The Way to Produce a Person — https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/04/opinion/brooks-the-way-to-produce-a-person.html?_r=0 open ↗
- Effective Altruism and Anti-Capitalism: An Attempt at Reconciliation — http://commons.pacificu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1573&context=eip/ open ↗
- Small Sacrifice, Big Return — https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204528204577010061347756838 open ↗
- lire en ligne — https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2022/11/21/faillite-de-ftx-les-altruistes-efficaces-se-sentent-aujourd-hui-trahis-par-l-un-des-leurs_6150880_3234.html open ↗
- lire en ligne — https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/13/business/ftx-effective-altruism.html open ↗
- lire en ligne — https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/20/us/20charity.html open ↗
- A brief argument for the overwhelming importance of shaping the far future — https://academic.oup.com/book/32430/chapter-abstract/268752207?redirectedFrom=fulltext open ↗
- Putting Charities to the Test — https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/05/putting-charities-to-the-test/ open ↗
- lire en ligne — https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/05/magazine/the-singer-solution-to-world-poverty.html open ↗
- Replaceability, Career Choice, and Making a Difference — Ethical Theory and Moral Practice (2013) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-013-9433-4 open ↗
- Effective Altruism and Anti-Capitalism: An Attempt at Reconciliation — Essays in Philosophy (2017) — https://dx.doi.org/10.7710/1526-0569.1573 open ↗
- The Institutional Critique of Effective Altruism — Utilitas (2017) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0953820817000176 open ↗
- Charity vs. Revolution: Effective Altruism and the Systemic Change Objection — Ethical Theory and Moral Practice (2019) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-019-09979-5 open ↗
- Severe Poverty as an Unjust Emergency — Oxford Scholarship Online (2018) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648879.003.0005 open ↗
- The ethical principles of effective altruism * — Journal of Global Ethics (2016) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2016.1193552 open ↗
- lire en ligne — https://www.economist.com/international/2015/05/21/doing-good-by-doing-well open ↗
- The Ethics of Giving — Oxford Scholarship Online (2018) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648879.001.0001 open ↗
- Counterproductive Altruism: The Other Heavy Tail — Philosophical Perspectives (2020) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phpe.12133 open ↗
- Effektiver Altruismus: Hirn statt Herz. — http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/effektiver-altruismus-was-steckt-hinter-der-philosophie-a-1143066.html open ↗
- sueddeutsche.de — http://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/texte/anzeigen/44049/2/1 open ↗
- Altruismus: Besser so? — https://www.zeit.de/2016/13/altruismus-william-macaskill-empathie-gutes-besser-tun-roman open ↗
- theguardian.com — https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk open ↗
- theguardian.com — https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/apr/26/what-if-covid-19-isnt-our-biggest-threat open ↗
- Understanding "longtermism": Why this suddenly influential philosophy is so toxic. — https://www.salon.com/2022/08/20/understanding-longtermism-why-this-suddenly-influential-philosophy-is-so/ open ↗
- “Collapse of FTX deprives academics of grants, stokes fears of forced repayment” — https://www.reuters.com/technology/collapse-ftx-deprives-academics-grants-stokes-fears-forced-repayment-2023-04-06/ open ↗
- “Effective altruism and its critics” — https://www.academia.edu/13786913/Effective_Altruism_and_Its_Critics_Journal_of_Applied_Philosophy_2017_ open ↗
We cite sources by name and outlet rather than fabricating links. Where a source includes its own URL, the open ↗ link opens it directly; otherwise search ↗runs a Google Scholar query for the cited title — useful for verifying academic sources. For news outlets, search the outlet's own archive.
Change history
Substantive edits logged per the score-updates policy.
- 2026-05-29Phase 1 Batch J: per-group recovery resources applied via programmatic palette (closest-fit by category + subCategory + score). Palette: Mainstream-comparator lighter.
- 2026-05-20Source-density flags derived from existing free-text sources[]: investigative journalism. Heuristic auto-flag; subsequent editorial pass will populate structuredSources[] with reliability tiers.
- 2026-05-20Score band scheme migrated from 4 bands to 5 (Minimal 0–5 / Low 6–12 / Moderate 13–20 / High 21–30 / Extreme 31–40). No CLCI value changed; the new Minimal band was carved out of the bottom of the previous Low band.
Relevant hubs
Curated entry points on CLCI Hub for situations connected to this group.
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Frequently asked questions
Q.Is Effective Altruism a cult?
CLCI Hub deliberately avoids the binary label "cult." Instead it places groups on a transparent 0–40 spectrum of documented control using Steven Hassan's BITE model (Behaviour, Information, Thought, Emotional). Effective Altruism scores 16 out of 40 — "Moderate Control", at medium confidence. The score describes documented control patterns, not a judgement of members' sincerity or beliefs; many members do not personally experience the patterns listed.
Q.What is Effective Altruism's CLCI score?
Effective Altruism scores 16 out of 40 on the Cult-Like Control Index, which falls in the "Moderate" band. That total is the sum of four BITE axes — Behaviour 3, Information 4, Thought 5, Emotional 4 — plus a signed modifier of +0 for aggravating or mitigating factors.
Q.Why does Effective Altruism score 16 on the CLCI?
The score reflects publicly documented patterns including: 2022 SBF/FTX collapse and EA governance reckoning; Some sub-currents exhibit intense ideological insularity. These map onto the BITE axes of behaviour, information, thought, and emotional control, and a signed modifier of +0 is applied for factors such as financial demands, leadership accountability, and exit costs. Every claim is backed by the citations in the Sources section on this page.
Q.How reliable is the Effective Altruism rating?
This profile is rated Medium confidence. Medium confidence means the score rests on reputable journalism plus consistent ex-member testimony. CLCI scores are not fixed — they are revised whenever new public evidence appears, and groups that reform can score lower over time.
Q.Where can I get help regarding Effective Altruism?
If you or someone you care about is affected by Effective Altruism, start with the Recovery resources listed on this page. General cult-aware support is available from the International Cultic Studies Association (icsahome.com) and the Freedom of Mind Resource Center (freedomofmind.com). CLCI Hub is an educational resource, not a crisis service — if anyone is in immediate danger, contact local emergency services.
Found something wrong on this profile?
We accept correction requests from anyone — current and former members, researchers, journalists, family members, and the listed organisation. Submissions are reviewed by an editor; we do not auto-publish.
Disclaimer. This profile is an educational summary based on publicly available reports. Many members of this group do not experience the patterns described. Individual congregations and chapters vary widely. If you or someone you know needs support, contact a licensed therapist or the International Cultic Studies Association.