Vietnam

7 profiled groups with documented operations in Vietnam — 0 Extreme-band, 1 High-band, 6 Moderate or below. Presence here describes documented operations, not a judgement about Vietnam or its communities; many listed groups also operate elsewhere.

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New Religious Movement

Quan Yin Method (Suma Ching Hai)

Taiwanese-Vietnamese-led international meditation movement (~250,000+ historical adherents, smaller active core today) teaching the 'Quan Yin Method' of inner-light-and-sound meditation. Founder Suma Ching Hai (Hue Dang Trinh) operates a global Loving Hut vegan-restaurant chain and Supreme Master TV broadcast network. 1996 US FEC straw-donor settlement.

Other

Vietnamese high-control religious movements (umbrella)

Umbrella entry for documented high-control Vietnamese religious movements beyond mainstream Cao Đài / Hòa Hảo / Buddhism.

Other

Cao Đài (Vietnamese new religion)

Vietnamese syncretic religion founded by Ngô Văn Chiêu and Lê Văn Trung (1926) blending Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Christianity, and Vietnamese folk religion. Headquartered at the Tây Ninh Holy See.

Buddhist

Hòa Hảo Buddhism (Vietnam)

Vietnamese Buddhist new religion founded by Huỳnh Phú Sổ (1939) emphasising lay practice, simplicity, and millenarian elements. Severely persecuted by Vietnamese state and historical political conflicts.

Buddhist

Zen Buddhism (mainstream)

Mainstream Zen Buddhism (Japanese Soto, Rinzai, Korean Seon, Vietnamese Thien, Chinese Chan) is a low-CLCI reference point with voluntary practice and recently strengthened safeguarding in Western centres after 1990s–2010s teacher misconduct revelations.

Buddhist

Mahayana Buddhism (mainstream)

Mainstream Mahayana Buddhism — the dominant tradition of China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam — is a low-CLCI reference point. Encompasses Pure Land, Chan/Zen, Tiantai/Tendai, Nichiren and other schools.

Buddhist

Pure Land Buddhism (mainstream East Asian)

Largest Mahayana sub-tradition globally. Devotion to Amitabha Buddha and recitation of the nembutsu / Buddha-name. Mainstream low-control reference point.

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Complete list of 7 group profiles