Other
Pacific Islander Indigenous spiritualities (umbrella, mainstream)
Export 1 entries:
Umbrella entry for the diverse Pacific Islander Indigenous spiritualities (Polynesian, Melanesian, Micronesian beyond Māori).
CLCI radar
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Low Control
BITE breakdown
Behavior Control2/10
Information Control1/10
Thought Control1/10
Emotional Control2/10
Modifiers (+0)
0 — diverse Pacific Islander Indigenous spiritualities; mainstream low-control reference.
Profile facts
Founded
Ancient
Members
Hundreds of thousands across Pacific nations
Active in
Oceania
In context
Diverse Pacific Islander Indigenous spiritualities across Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia. Common features include ancestor veneration, sacred-place tradition, ceremonial dance and song. Mainstream voluntary traditions.
Recovery resources
- ICSA (International Cultic Studies Association) — General referral and cult-aware therapist directory.
- INFORM (Information Network on Religious Movements) — LSE-founded UK research-based information service covering new religious movements.
- Freedom of Mind Resource Center — Steven Hassan's organisation; BITE-model resources and family-side exit guidance.
See the full curated list at /resources.
Evidence by BITE axis
Information Control
- mainstream low-control reference
Timeline
- AncientContinuous traditions
Evidence matrix
Structured sources cross-linked to the claims they document. Tiered per the source hierarchy. For free-text citations see the Sources section below.
Sources
- Various Pacific Studies academic work search ↗
- Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze — American Indian Culture and Research Journal (2011) — https://doi.org/10.17953%2Faicr.35.4.x500172017344j30 open ↗
- Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories — Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (2002) — https://doi.org/10.9707%2F2307-0919.1024 open ↗
- Indigiqueer Reimaginings of Science Fiction — Swiss Papers in English Language and Literature (2023) — https://doi.org/10.33675%2FSPELL%2F2023%2F42%2F14 open ↗
- How two-spirit people are 'coming in' to their communities — https://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/how-two-spirit-people-are-coming-in-to-their-communities-1.6272654 open ↗
- Ancient Roots through Settled Land: Imagining Indigeneity and Place among Radical Faeries — https://academic.oup.com/minnesota-scholarship-online/book/16222/chapter-abstract/171291927 open ↗
- Ancient Roots through Settled Land — Spaces between Us (2011) — https://doi.org/10.5749%2Fminnesota%2F9780816656325.003.0005 open ↗
- Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories by Beatrice Medicine — http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm open ↗
- Two Spirits in the Venezuelan Jungle — https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/two-spirits-in-the-venezuelan-jungle/ open ↗
- Berdach to Two-Spirit: The Revival of Native American Traditions — https://www.arts.cornell.edu/knight_institute/publicationsprizes/discoveries/discoveriesspring2007/Lipshultz.pdf open ↗
- The 'Berdache'/'Two-Spirit': A Comparison of Anthropological and Native Constructions of Gendered Identities Among the Northern Athapaskans — https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034303 open ↗
- The `Berdache'/`Two-Spirit': A Comparison of Anthropological and Native Constructions of Gendered Identities Among the Northern Athapaskans — The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (1996) — https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3034303 open ↗
- Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality — https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2654503 open ↗
- Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality — Contemporary Sociology (1998) — https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2654503 open ↗
- The Kutenai Female Berdache: Courier, Guide, Prophetess, and Warrior — https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/480512 open ↗
- The Kutenai Female Berdache: Courier, Guide, Prophetess, and Warrior — Ethnohistory (1965) — https://doi.org/10.2307%2F480512 open ↗
- A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature — http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:8571.steingass open ↗
- Speculative Fiction and Queer Theory — Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication (2022) — https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228613.013.1214 open ↗
- “I'm in this world for a reason”: Resilience and recovery among American Indian and Alaska Native two-spirit women — Journal of Lesbian Studies (2016) — https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10894160.2016.1152813 open ↗
- Storytelling as medicine: Coming In documentary follows two-spirited people living in Sask — http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/storytelling-as-medicine-coming-in-documentary-follows-two-spirited-people-living-in-sask-1.3982532 open ↗
- #Twospirit: Identity construction through stance-taking on TikTok — https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211695823000442 open ↗
- #Twospirit: Identity construction through stance-taking on TikTok — Discourse, Context & Media (2023) — https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dcm.2023.100711 open ↗
- Minnesota Rep. Susan Allen Is Two-Spirit, a Lesbian, and She Won't Be Assimilated — http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2016/12/21/susan_allen_minnesota_state_representative_is_lesbian_and_two_spirit_and.html open ↗
- The extraordinary rise of Jeremy Dutcher: 2018 gave Canada the two-spirit Polaris prince we need — https://www.cbc.ca/arts/the-extraordinary-rise-of-jeremy-dutcher-2018-gave-canada-the-two-spirit-polaris-prince-we-need-1.4931935 open ↗
- A two-spirit doctor takes on transgender health — https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/a-cree-doctors-caring-approach-for-transgender-patients open ↗
- Going Far From Home to Feel at Home — https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/17/nyregion/17spirit.html open ↗
- Why two-spirit, trans writer Arielle Twist is afraid of love — https://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/snagging-romance-novels-and-bear-grease-unreserved-shares-indigenous-love-stories-1.5005570/why-two-spirit-trans-writer-arielle-twist-is-afraid-of-love-1.5005580 open ↗
- Aboriginal music awards host two-spirited performer — http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/aboriginal-music-awards-host-two-spirited-performer-1.2763666 open ↗
- Beyond two-spirit: Indigenous people look to revive traditional LGBTQ terms — https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/indigenous-lgbtq-words-1.6953445 open ↗
- Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze — American Indian Culture and Research Journal (2011) — https://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30 open ↗
- Two Spirit People — https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315877778 open ↗
- Two‐Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality — American Anthropologist (1999) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1999.101.1.210 open ↗
- lire en ligne — https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00044942 open ↗
- Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories — Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (2002) — https://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1024 open ↗
- Joyous Discipline: Native Autonomy and Culturally Conservative Two-Spirit People — American Indian Culture and Research Journal (2014) — https://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.38.2.l874w4216151vp23 open ↗
- ETHNOLOGY AND GENERAL: Hosteen Klah: Navaho Medicine Man and Sand Painter. Franc Johnson Newcomb — American Anthropologist (1965) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1965.67.2.02a00790 open ↗
- ZUÑI GAMES — American Anthropologist (1903) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1903.5.3.02a00030 open ↗
- New Mexico the Land of the Delight Makers — Hispanic American Historical Review (1921) — https://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-4.1.105 open ↗
- Mulattas and Mestizas: Representing Mixed Identities in the Americas, 1850-2000 — The Journal of Southern History (2004) — https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27648427 open ↗
- doi:10.1522/30010556 — https://dx.doi.org/doi%3A10.1522/30010556 open ↗
- lire en ligne — https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1522/30010556 open ↗
- Identité de genre : les Êtres-aux-deux-Esprits dans la société amérindienne — https://www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/education/polemique-sur-le-genre/identite-de-genre-les-etres-aux-deux-esprits-dans-la-societe-amerindienne_2498391.html open ↗
- At San Francisco’s Two-Spirit Powwow, Gender Diversity Is Sacred. — https://www.motherjones.com/media/2020/02/at-san-franciscos-two-spirit-powwow-gender-diversity-is-sacred/ open ↗
- Volltext bei _wiley.com — https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1935.37.2.02a00080 open ↗
- vc.bridgew.edu — https://vc.bridgew.edu/anthro_fac/23/ open ↗
- “Pride Flags” — https://www.unco.edu/gender-sexuality-resource-center/resources/pride-flags.aspx open ↗
- Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze — American Indian Culture and Research Journal (2011) — https://dx.doi.org/10.17953%2Faicr.35.4.x500172017344j30 open ↗
- “A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out” — https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/fashion/08SPIRIT.html?_r=0 open ↗
- 《The Zuni Man-Woman》 — https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482173 open ↗
- The Zuni Man-Woman — Ethnohistory (1993) — https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F482173 open ↗
- 《Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories》 — http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=orpc open ↗
- Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories — Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (2002) — https://dx.doi.org/10.9707%2F2307-0919.1024 open ↗
- Ancient Roots through Settled Land — Spaces between Us (2011) — https://dx.doi.org/10.5749%2Fminnesota%2F9780816656325.003.0005 open ↗
- The `Berdache'/`Two-Spirit': A Comparison of Anthropological and Native Constructions of Gendered Identities Among the Northern Athapaskans — The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (1996) — https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3034303 open ↗
- Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality — Contemporary Sociology (1998) — https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2654503 open ↗
- The Kutenai Female Berdache: Courier, Guide, Prophetess, and Warrior — Ethnohistory (1965) — https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F480512 open ↗
- “Minnesota Rep. Susan Allen Is Two-Spirit, a Lesbian, and She Won't Be Assimilated” — https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/12/susan-allen-minnesota-state-representative-is-lesbian-and-two-spirit-and-won-t-be-assimilated.html open ↗
We cite sources by name and outlet rather than fabricating links. Where a source includes its own URL, the open ↗ link opens it directly; otherwise search ↗runs a Google Scholar query for the cited title — useful for verifying academic sources. For news outlets, search the outlet's own archive.
Change history
Substantive edits logged per the score-updates policy.
- 2026-05-29Phase 1 Batch J: per-group recovery resources applied via programmatic palette (closest-fit by category + subCategory + score). Palette: Mainstream-comparator lighter.
- 2026-05-20Source-density flags derived from existing free-text sources[]: academic sources. Heuristic auto-flag; subsequent editorial pass will populate structuredSources[] with reliability tiers.
- 2026-05-20Score band scheme migrated from 4 bands to 5 (Minimal 0–5 / Low 6–12 / Moderate 13–20 / High 21–30 / Extreme 31–40). No CLCI value changed; the new Minimal band was carved out of the bottom of the previous Low band.
Relevant hubs
Curated entry points on CLCI Hub for situations connected to this group.
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Disclaimer. This profile is an educational summary based on publicly available reports. Many members of this group do not experience the patterns described. Individual congregations and chapters vary widely. If you or someone you know needs support, contact a licensed therapist or the International Cultic Studies Association.